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Long flights can leave passengers feeling uncomfortable in several predictable ways. An NHS GP working with travel insurer Staysure outlines five common physical effects of air travel — and practical steps to reduce their impact.
Why flying affects the body
Air travel exposes travellers to three main stressors: lower cabin air pressure, dry cabin air and long periods of immobility. Each of these can trigger different symptoms, from mild irritation to issues that need medical attention.
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Ear pressure and “ear popping”
Changes in cabin pressure affect the small passage that links the middle ear to the throat, known as the eustachian tube. When that tube does not open easily, people feel a blocked or painful sensation during ascent and descent.
Dr Asimah Hanif says simple mouth and jaw movements often help. Swallowing, yawning or chewing gum can encourage the tube to open and equalise pressure. She also recommends the Valsalva manoeuvre on descent: breathe in, pinch your nose, close your mouth and gently exhale to relieve the pressure.
If the discomfort does not ease within a day after landing, Hanif advises seeing a clinician for assessment.
Headaches
Headaches in flight usually have multiple causes. Reduced oxygen levels, pressure changes, disrupted sleep and even in‑flight meals that affect blood sugar can contribute.
Hanif identifies dehydration as a frequent trigger. Her practical advice: drink water regularly, limit alcohol and try to be in good general health before travelling. People with colds or sinus problems may find symptoms worsen with cabin pressure changes.
Swelling in the legs and feet
Sitting for long stretches reduces circulation to the lower limbs and commonly causes puffiness in the ankles, feet and sometimes hands.
An effective preventative measure is regular movement. Stand and walk when it is safe to do so, and perform simple ankle rotations while seated. Compression socks are often recommended for people with circulatory problems or higher clot risk, though they are not necessary for everybody.
One important warning: if swelling affects only one leg and is accompanied by breathlessness or chest pain, seek urgent medical care. That combination can indicate a blood clot.
Dehydration
Cabin air has lower humidity than typical indoor environments, which increases fluid loss. Passengers commonly report dry eyes, skin and a scratchy throat.
To counteract this, Hanif advises drinking water throughout the journey, avoiding excess alcohol and moderating caffeine intake.
Dizziness
Dizziness in flight can stem from several factors: pressure changes, mild dehydration, standing up too quickly after prolonged sitting, or anxiety about flying.
Moving slowly when changing position, staying hydrated and limiting alcohol usually help. However, if dizziness is severe, persistent or occurs with chest pain, shortness of breath, weakness, difficulty speaking or marked drowsiness, Hanif says it warrants an urgent medical review.
If you have any health concerns, please consult your GP or a relevant healthcare professional.
